Anthrax and Smallpox Free Essays

One major difference between the pathogens that cause anthrax and smallpox is that anthrax is a form of bacteria while smallpox is an example of a virus,   Anthrax is caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. B. anthracis was the first bacterium which was shown to cause disease by Robert Koch in 1877. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthrax and Smallpox or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. anthracis has two forms – vegetative and spore state. In its spore state, the bacteria can lay dormant for years. When the spore enters a host, the bacterium reactivates into its vegetative state and then cause disease. It is the spores of the bacterium which is used as a biological weapon. Smallpox on the other hand caused by the variola virus. Unlike anthrax which is communicated via its spore state, smallpox virus is directly communicated directly from host to host via respiratory droplets or contact with bodily fluids. Smallpox is a biological weapon due to the successful efforts of the WHO to eradicate the disease. With smallpox eliminated, no one has any immunity from the disease and the release of a smallpox sample will have disastrous effects on the population. 2. Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Plague is spread to human hosts after being bit by fleas which carry the disease or through contact with infected animals. While causing severe deaths in Europe during the Middle Ages, modern day plague is curable with antibiotics though it can still be lethal when left untreated. To this day, plague outbreaks are still caused by flea infested rat populations. In rural areas, squirrels and other known flea vectors are known carriers of the plague bacteria. Anthrax as mentioned spreads as spores which are reactivated once inside a host. The environment rich in sugars and amino acids triggers the reversal of the spores into an active state. Anthrax can enter the body in three ways – through inahalation, digestion or through entry in small cracks in the skin. 3. The role of the WHO in preparing for anthrax is that of a think tank. The WHO cannot directly move to prevent the spread of anthrax in countries but it offers valuable aid for the anti-anthrax actions of member countries in the UN. It acts as a well respected adviser on anthrax related issues. We can think of the WHO as providing a service for the anti-biological weapon efforts of the UN member countries. Some of the services the WHO provides include training activities, disseminating information and providing a number of experts to aid in the identification, diagnosis and treatment of anthrax outbreaks. These services are provided to member countries and medical laboratories worldwide. 4.   The most pressing factor for the spread of plague are rats. Rats carry fleas which are the vectors for the disease. Apart from rats, some contributing factors to plague outbreaks include incidences of poverty, war, and civil disturbances. A weak public health infrastructure as well as poor facilities are also contributing factors to the spread of plague into an outbreak. The best way to manage a plague outbreak is through rapid identification and localization. With rapid treatment and action, the mortality levels of plague can be reduced from 60% to less than 15%. To aid with the quick actions on plague, a rapid diagnostic test has been developed. The new test reduces confirmation from 15 days down to 15 minutes. With rapid confirmation, the authorities can more quickly respond to the outbreaks of plague and prevent further contamination of the population. Bibliography University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Center for Biosecurity. (October 8, 2007) Smallpox Fact Sheet. In Center for Biosecurity. Retrieved November 10, 2008 from http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/focus/agents_diseases/fact_sheets/smallpox.html University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Center for Biosecurity. (October 8, 2007) Anthrax Fact Sheet. In Center for Biosecurity. Retrieved November 10, 2008 from http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/focus/agents_diseases/fact_sheets/anthrax.html    How to cite Anthrax and Smallpox, Papers

Discovery of a Time Capsule American History

Question: OverviewWhen defining an era such as the 1960s, a lot of images come to mind: the march on Washington, psychedelic music, peace signs, the antiwar movement, the assassinations of prominent political leaders, and so on. In this Assignment, you will explain which of the events, people, and symbols best define the 1960s.AssignmentIt is the year 2325. You are a prominent archaeologist who has just been summoned to a dig site because your colleagues have made a unique discovery: a time capsule from the 1960s that was buried long ago. Very carefully, you and your colleagues unearth and open this time capsule. Inside the time capsule you find five items that define the era of the 1960s.For this Assignment write a brief paper that covers the following: Describe each of the five items you have found. Explain why each of these is especially important in defining the era of the 1960s. Based upon these items you have found, conclude your paper with a solid paragraph that explains one major lesso n that you have learned from the 1960s. Answer: Upon opening the time capsule, we were very surprised and glad to have found certain things from the golden era. The adventure landed us in finding certain very interesting things like an account of the technological development during that period, a melody belonging to The Beatles, television series of the period, assasination of Martin Luther King Jr and Bobby Kennedy and a document of the Congress authorising the President Johnson to actions for provoding safety to the American soldiers against the Vietnam War. We shall give an account of the found items in the following paragraphs in no order or priority or popularity. Document related to the Vietnam War: this war was a very long and expensive affair that caused massive havoc in Viet Cong that conssted of Vietnam and its southern allies. The war ended when President Johnson withdrew the US forces in 1973 and decided to unify Vietnam under Communist control after two years. Initially in the war, US involvement saw a steep increase but post the bombing session on Laos and Cambodia, when Tet Offensive was launched bu the communist side, it became a turning point in the war. This caused massive disillusionment and the US ground forces were asked to withdraw themselves from the war (Freedman Kissinger, 2003). The document we found threw light on the assent note of prsident Johnson to withdraw the military troops from Vietnam. The note clearly states that the forces were withdrawn oeing to the fact that it was feared that they would not win the war and it would only remain a illusion. President also felt that public faith in America would be lost and ex pressed a deep concern regarding the ever rising costs associated with the war. The situation also saw big protests from the hippies and if the movement of the hippies would have continued, they would have outnumbered the existing soldiers. The event is important in defining the history of America because as a result of the war, more than 58,000 soldiers of America saw death as their end and almost $350 billion to $900 billion currencies were spent by the US government. Around 700,000 veterans suffered from negative effects on psychology. The war happenned to change the way the Americans approached military actions thoroughly. Assasinations during this period: we all know that the era of 1960s is known to be a golden age but the optimism during this time saw a set back in 1968. In this year, Dr Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in his residing motel room in Memphis. Later within a short span of time Dr. King, Bobby Kennedy was also assassinated while he was in a celebration in California on winning his presidential bid (Aloyo, 2013). These events had turned out to be a black scar on the political history of America. Ironically, within seven days of the death of Martin Luther King, the Congress passed the Civil Rights Act bill. This bill aimed at outlawing racial discrimination for which Dr. Luther was fighting when alive. Further, the death of Kennedy allowed a huge win to Richard Nixon in the 1968 election. Had he been alive, Nixon would have not seen the win by half a million votes. Technlogical Developments During the Period: the year also saw on July 20, that Neil Armstrong became the first man to have stepped his foot on the moon. Also, the successful landing of the lunar module Eagle on the moon was a celebrated technological development in the history of America. No living person across the globe had succeeded in stepping on the natural satellite before the real hero of America. This event was heartily congratulated by President Kennedy. Although Neil had a period of 10 years to meet the challenge, yet the success in such a short time, made the young, handsome and importantly the American make his country enter into the pantheon of heroes across the world. This competed to the success story of Yuri Gararin from Soviet Union and brought America in the limelight for a positive cause. The Band Beatles: then came the era of the humming of Yes I dared to go there and Hotel California. The Beatles even after 50 years of dissolution, still remains a favourite of every generation across the globe. It is rightly said that what the band did shall last till eternity. The existence of the Beatles is another major cause for calling the frame to be golden era (Richard, 2009). The music was complete in itself and was utterly timeless. It caused a massive hysteria and its authenticity shall continue to be a hallmark on the nation. The Beatles helped America in being designated as not only being technologically advanced but also being culturally and socially superior. Television Series and Entertainment Sector: the sixties era in America also witnessed another positive ladder in its heritage with the hit musicals like Hello Dolly, Hair, Funny Girl, Camelot etc. the movies during this span were totally unconventional and the James Bond movies created there, still continue to remain a super favourite of many across the globe. There wa developmet in the radio sector as well. FM frequency was introduced in addition to the existing AM. Television series like I Dream of Jeannie, The Flintstones, The Beverly Hillbillies etc bacame extremely popular. The opening of the capsule has also opened our eyes regarding the fact that in spite of having seen certain massive destructions during the golden era, America did not lose hope. Rather, to overcome the sufferrings, the people made sure that they achieve heights in other fields so that they can develop as a nation. 7.7% of adults had a college degree in 1960 while 28% had the same in 1972. Smoking and alcohol consumption has also come down to a great extent (Buck, 2009). The period is rightly called the Golden era because when other nations were trying to keep up with the post World War II effects, America made sure that it rose above the ordinary and achieve heights. The country naturally became the first nation to be declared as a developed economy. Owing to the benefits reaped during the period, the world follows the nation today. References Aloyo, E. (2013). Just assassinations.Int. Theory,5(03), 347-381. doi:10.1017/s1752971913000237 Buck, C. (2009).Religious myths and visions of America. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Freedman, L., Kissinger, H. (2003). Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America's Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War.Foreign Affairs,82(3), 152. doi:10.2307/20033602 Richard, C. (2009).The golden age of the classics in America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Sexual child abuse Essay Example For Students

Sexual child abuse Essay Sexual child abuse Essay There are many types of child abuse. I am going to tell you about sexual child abuse. Sexual abuse is defined as the engage of a child in sexual activities the child does not understand, to which the child cant give informed consent, which are developmentally inappropriate and/or which violate the laws of society. In 1986, 20% of child abuse cases were sexual abuse. Every child is vulnerable to sexual abuse. Research shows that as many as one out of every four children will be a victim of sexual abuse. Very young children as well as older can be victimized. Studies show that almost all children victimized will be abused by; someone they know and trust: a relative, family friend, or caretaker. Sexual abuse can be physical, verbal, or emotional and includes: Sexual touching and fondling Exposing children to adult sexual activities such as pornography movies and photos Having children pose, undress or perform in a sexual fashion, in film, or in person Peeping into bathrooms or bedrooms to spy on child Rape or attempted rape Abuse begins gradually and increases over time. The use of force is rarely necessary to engage a child in sexual activity because children are trusting and dependent. They want to please others and gain love and approval. Signs that the child may be being abused: Fear of certain people or places Sleep disturbances School problems Withdraw from family and friends Depression Low self-esteem Discipline problems Babyish behaviors Self-destructive behaviors Suicide attempts Hostility or aggression More specific symptoms: Copying adult sexual behaviors Sexual play with other children Unexplained pain, swelling, bleeding, or irritation of the mouth, genital, or anal areas Children who have been sexually abused may feel fear, anger, isolation, sadness, guilt, shame, or confusion. To protect your child from sexual abuse you should provide the child with information in a matter-of-fact way. Although children who are educated on sexual abuse are more well prepared and more likely tell someone if abuse has occurred. If the child tells you something has happened, LISTEN! Some children dont tell you because they are afraid. They are afraid no one will believe them, or that the abuser will hurt them. They may not tell because they feel guilty, they dont want to get and adult in trouble. Children are ,at times, threatened by the abuser that they will be taken away from home. Hopefully the information I have provided you will help at least on parent avoid the pain and trauma of an abused child. Sources: www.dogpile.com keyword child sexual abuse, www.childaabuse. org/facts.html .

How to Use a Benjie Sample Essay

How to Use a Benjie Sample EssayOne of the most commonly asked questions on who would like to write a Benjie essay is how to use a Benjamin Banneker sample essay. The essay writing question is more about the quality and professionalism than whether or not you need to ask yourself, 'How much money do I have?' On that particular note, let's address the question: 'how to use a Benjamin Banneker sample essay'.Writing an essay, no matter what that type of essay may be, is not hard to learn. That being said, as far as writing a Banneker sample essay is concerned, there are several tricks and techniques you can employ to make it easy and pleasurable for you.For starters, don't think you are going to write a Banneker sample essay quickly. Your primary objective is to not only to put together the most convincing piece of writing you can, but to get an honest opinion of your work from a reader. Therefore, if you rush the writing process, chances are you will not enjoy the results as much as yo u would if you took the time to enjoy what you had written. Plus, in the process of rushing, the contents of your brain may be badly damaged.Secondly, you will find that the essence of a Benjie sample essay comes down to following the format. You may have read in the past, 'Less is more.' Well, as far as Benjie samples are concerned, that rule really does hold true. In essence, you should make all the suggestions you think readers will relate to.Finally, as far as the content of your prose is concerned, writing a Banneker sample essay should not necessarily be like writing an entire book on any subject. For instance, the words in a Benjamin Banneker sample essay may be casual. It may be in the form of a series of dialogues rather than a straight narrative.As you can see, a Banneker sample essay is an ideal introduction to writing a writer's statement. They are quick, easy, and fun to write. So, don't feel like you have to do something in particular.In conclusion, you can also includ e other examples of writing into your writing. However, the essence of a Benjie sample essay is not an argument, but a chat between you and a reader. Therefore, keep that in mind and you'll have a Banneker sample essay ready before you know it.

Legality Of Same-Sex Marriages Essays (2776 words) - Baehr V. Miike

Legality of Same-Sex Marriages The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure public health, and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes of the Lord and their friends and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits, should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? I intend to prove that because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has changed throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and marital failure itself, rather than the fault of one partner, may be grounds for a divorce. Societal change have been felt in marriages over the past 25 years as divorce rates have increased and have been integrated into even upper class families. Proposals to legalize same-sex marriage or to enact broad domestic partnership laws are currently being promoted by gay and lesbian activists, especially in Europe and North America. The trend in western European nations during the past decade has been to increase legal aid to homosexual relations and has included marriage benefits to some same-sex couples. For example, within the past six years, three Scandinavian countries have enacted domestic partnership laws allowing same-sex couples in which at least one partner is a citizen of the specified country therefore allowing many benefits that heterosexual marriages are given. In the Netherlands, the Parliament is considering domestic partnership status for same-sex couples, all major political parties favor recognizing same-sex relations, and more than a dozen towns have already done so. Finland provides governmental social benefits to same-sex partners. Belgium allows gay prisoners the right to have conjugal visits from same-sex partners. An overwhelming majority of European nations have granted partial legal status to homosexual relationships. The European Parliament also has passed a resolution calling for equal rights for gays and lesbians. In the United States, efforts to legalize same-sex domestic partnership have had some, limited success. The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc. reported that by mid-1995, thirty-six municipalities, eight counties, three states, five state agencies, and two federal agencies extended some benefits to, or registered for some official purposes, same-sex domestic partnerships. In 1994, the California legislature passed a domestic partnership bill that provided official state registration of same-sex couples and provided limited marital rights and privileges relating to hospital visitation, wills and estates, and powers of attorney. While California's Governor Wilson eventually vetoed the bill, its passage by the legislature represented a notable political achievement for advocates of same-sex marriage. The most significant prospects for legalizing same-sex marriage in the near future are in Hawaii, where advocates of same-sex marriage have won a major judicial victory that could lead to the judicial legalization of same-sex marriage or to legislation authorizing same-sex domestic partnership in that state. In 1993, the Hawaii Supreme Court, in Baehr v. Lewin, vacated a state circuit court judgment dismissing same-sex marriage claims and ruled that Hawaii's marriage law allowing

Free Essays on Families, Welfare And Social Policy

Families, welfare and social policy Earlier this year, the editorial team of Family Matters commissioned a set of papers for a special issue of the magazine devoted to the question of social policy and its impact on family life in Australia. Every author that we approached agreed to write something for us, and this issue is the result. Overview of themes In inviting people to write for us, we were particularly keen to generate papers looking at the changing system of state welfare and how it relates to family life. Reform of the welfare and social security systems is at the forefront of political debate in many western nations, including Australia, and in September this year the Minister for Family and Community Services, Jocelyn Newman, announced that welfare reform was to be a key priority in the Federal government's legislative program. In putting together this special issue of Family Matters, we hope to contribute to the debate which will inevitably follow from the government's determination to reform the Australian welfare state. Any reform of the welfare state obviously has important implications for Australian families. This is because, in some significant ways, the modern welfare state and the family can be seen as functional substitutes for each other. Obviously the state cannot supply the affection that we look for in family life, any more than the family can supply the range of services and level of support that the state can provide. But in general, the more the welfare system does, the less the family is likely to be required to do, and vice versa. This is why welfare policy and family policy are so closely linked - change in one will normally imply change in the other. Given that so many of the problems being confronted in Australian public policy are also being addressed in other developed countries, it made sense for us when putting this issue together to solicit contributions both from within and from outsid... Free Essays on Families, Welfare And Social Policy Free Essays on Families, Welfare And Social Policy Families, welfare and social policy Earlier this year, the editorial team of Family Matters commissioned a set of papers for a special issue of the magazine devoted to the question of social policy and its impact on family life in Australia. Every author that we approached agreed to write something for us, and this issue is the result. Overview of themes In inviting people to write for us, we were particularly keen to generate papers looking at the changing system of state welfare and how it relates to family life. Reform of the welfare and social security systems is at the forefront of political debate in many western nations, including Australia, and in September this year the Minister for Family and Community Services, Jocelyn Newman, announced that welfare reform was to be a key priority in the Federal government's legislative program. In putting together this special issue of Family Matters, we hope to contribute to the debate which will inevitably follow from the government's determination to reform the Australian welfare state. Any reform of the welfare state obviously has important implications for Australian families. This is because, in some significant ways, the modern welfare state and the family can be seen as functional substitutes for each other. Obviously the state cannot supply the affection that we look for in family life, any more than the family can supply the range of services and level of support that the state can provide. But in general, the more the welfare system does, the less the family is likely to be required to do, and vice versa. This is why welfare policy and family policy are so closely linked - change in one will normally imply change in the other. Given that so many of the problems being confronted in Australian public policy are also being addressed in other developed countries, it made sense for us when putting this issue together to solicit contributions both from within and from outsid...

Global perpective of macroecomonics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global perpective of macroecomonics - Essay Example The following diagram shows how the current account balance in the US economy had depended upon the trade balances of the nation over the years. Of all the three components of the current account, viz., trade balance, income balance and the transfer payments, the trend in the current account balances of the economy is significantly related to that of the trade balances. Hence, any deficit in the trade balances will seriously hamper the current account balance values of an economy. Since the current account balance determine the current financial asset position of an economy, a depreciating value will imply a poor status of the same that will affect the amount of financial investments into the nation and thus prospects of potential future growth. The sake of the present as well as the future of an economy is the reason for an appropriate monitoring of the trade balance status of the economy. The US economy at present is suffering from the problem of high trade deficit which must be taken care of urgently. This paper tries to focus on the causes behind the trade position of the nation, the consequences that it has on various aspects of the economy and the steps that the Federal Reserve has implemented in this regard. Trade deficit in USA, as the adjoining table suggest is found to be increasing over the years. It is also obvious from the table that, the imbalance or rather deficit is primarily due to a hike in the import purchases rather than a fall in exports. There had in fact been a significant increase in exports between 2001 and 2006, but the proportion of imports is found to have outgrown that of the exports within the nation. 1) A trade deficit in the US has often been argued by economists to be an outcome of a savings-investment imbalance within the nation. When the country had been going through a fall in aggregate savings compared to the investment potentials of the nation, other economies had been witnessing just the reverse